Which 13 Colonies Had Rocky Soil? Who Did They Make Money
The New England colonies were a series of English language colonies established in New England in the 17th century. They were a function of the original thirteen colonies of N America.
What Were the Original New England Colonies?
In that location were originally seven colonies in New England in the 17thursday century:
- Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620, absorbed by the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691
- Province of Maine, founded in 1622, afterwards absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony
- New Hampshire Colony, founded in 1623, later became the Province of New Hampshire
- Massachusetts Bay Colony, founded in 1630, became the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691
- Rhode Island Colony, founded in 1636
- Connecticut Colony, founded in 1636
- New Haven Colony, founded in 1638, absorbed past Connecticut Colony in 1664
How Many Colonies Were in New England in 1750?
There were four colonies in New England in 1750:
- Province of Massachusetts Bay
- Rhode Isle Colony
- Connecticut Colony
- Province of New Hampshire
New England Climate & Geography:
The New England colonies had a humid continental climate. Humid continental climates take four seasons: wintertime, spring, summer and fall and exhibit large seasonal temperature contrasts with hot summers and cold winters.
Atmospheric precipitation was ample throughout the year, with rain in the spring and summer and about one to 4 months of snowfall in the winter.
One advantage of the common cold weather in New England was that it limited the spread of sure diseases, such as malaria, which were a considerable problem in the southern colonies. One disadvantage of the cold weather was that it shortened the growing flavour to about five months.
The geography of the New England colonies was shaped by glaciers during the last ice age. The glaciers dug up and scraped away the rich soil in New England, leaving behind a thin layer of rocky soil that was too poor to sustain many crops. The many hills, mountains and thick forests in New England also made it difficult to farm the country.
New England Natural Resources:
The natural resources in the New England colonies were:
- Lumber
- Furs
- Whales
- Fish
- Atomic number 26 ore
- Granite
Economy of the New England Colonies:
Since the soil in New England was poor and the growing season was besides short to grow many crops, besides corn, beans and squash, the New England colonies had to rely on other ways to brand money, primarily through fishing, whaling, shipbuilding and rum making.
Fish was the primary consign of the New England colonies by the 18thursday century, co-ordinate to an commodity by Christopher P. Magra in the Enterprise and Society journal:
"Between 1768 and 1772, fish represented 35% of New England's total export revenue. The second nearly valuable export commodity, livestock, represented only xx% of this acquirement stream. By 1775, an estimated 10,000 New Englanders, or 8% of the adult male working population, labored in the fishing manufacture."
The fish that New England colonists caught and traded included cod, mackeral, halibut, herring, hake, sturgeon and bass.
Shipbuilding was too an important manufacture in the New England colonies equally a result of the abundance of tall, directly oak trees and white pine, which were ideal trees for shipbuilding. To take advantage of this natural resource, the colonists built many sawmills to procedure these trees into lumber for the shipbuilding procedure.
According to the book Encyclopedia Americana, betwixt the years 1674 and 1714, a total of one,332 vessels were built in New England shipyards (Encyclopedia Americana 115.)
The New England colonies were also involved in the Triangle Trade, which was the slave and rum trade. The Triangle Trade involved 3 ports where goods were shipped and sold.
One example of the Triangle Trade is when slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean in the Americas to work on the sugar cane plantations, and so the sugar pikestaff was shipped from the Caribbean area to the New England colonies where it was used to brand rum, then the rum was shipped from the New England colonies to Africa where it was sold or traded for slaves to be shipped to the southern colonies.
Some other instance of the Triangle Trade is the colonial molasses trade, when raw sugar and/or molasses was shipped from the Caribbean to New England where it was used to make rum which was and so shipped to either Europe or Africa where it was sold or traded.
Religion in the New England Colonies:
The dominant religion practiced in New England was Puritanism, except for in Rhode Island were many colonists were Quakers.
The Puritans were a sect of Protestant religious dissidents who felt the Church building of England was too closely associated with the Catholic religion and needed to be reformed.
The New England colonies were established by two religious groups inside the Puritan organized religion. These two groups consisted of two dissimilar sects of Puritanism: Separatist Puritans and Not-Separatist Puritans.
Non-Separatist Puritans believed the church building could exist reformed and wanted to remain in the church.
Separatist Puritans believed the Church building of England was too decadent to reform and decided to distance themselves from it past separating from the church building.
Plymouth Colony was established past Separatist Puritans while the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by Non-Separatist Puritans.
Regime of the New England Colonies:
There were two principal regime systems used in the New England colonies:
- Royal Government
- Charter Government
Royal colonies were ruled straight by the English monarchy and government officials were appointed by the crown.
Charter colonies were generally cocky-governed and government officials were elected by the colonists.
The New England colonies were all originally charter colonies and were quite skilful at self-governing themselves, according to Alan Taylor in his book American Colonies:
"By virtue of their especially indulgent charters, the New England colonies were most independent of crown authority. Answering to no external proprietors, the New English developed republican regimes where the propertied men elected their governors and councils, as well as their assemblies, and where much determination-making was dispersed to the many modest towns" (Taylor 247.)
Many of the New England colonies eventually had their charters revoked though and became regal colonies when the crown began to tighten its command over the colonies due to its growing economic involvement in colonial trade.
The monarchy showtime converted some of its southern colonies before attempting to convert the New England colonies, according to Taylor:
"During the seventeenth century, crown officials gradually converted a few proprietary colonies into royal colonies. Such conversion primarily meant that the king, rather than a proprietor, appointed the governor and council, for the crown felt obliged to retain the elected assemblies. The crown acted starting time where the revenues were greatest, to secure command over tobacco-rich Virginia and the sugar colonies of Barbados, the Leeward islands, and Jamaica. The crown was slower to reorganize the New England colonies because they lacked a lucrative staple critical to the royal revenue. Moreover, the numerous Puritan colonists promised to make any imperial endeavor to hogtie their obedience expensive and hard" (Taylor 247.)
After converting the southern colonies, the English language monarchy established the Rule of New England in 1686, merging the colonies of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, together into one large royal colony. Two years subsequently, in 1688, New York and New Bailiwick of jersey were added to the Dominion.
The Dominion was brusque lived though and came to an end after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 occurred in England and the colonists rose upwards and overthrew the Dominion officials.
Later the dominion was overthrown, many of the New England colonies remained royal colonies. A new lease was issued for Massachusetts Bay in 1691, which converted it into a royal colony called the Province of Massachusetts Bay and ordered Plymouth colony to be absorbed into the province.
A new lease was also issued for New Hampshire in 1691 which converted it into a royal colony called the Province of New Hampshire.
Just Connecticut and Rhode Isle remained charter colonies afterward the Glorious Revolution.
Education in the New England Colonies:
New England colonists highly valued education and had a much higher literacy rate than the southern colonies. This was partly due to the colonist'due south want that anybody should be able to read the bible.
In fact, in 1642, the Massachusetts Bay Colony passed a law requiring that children be taught "to read & understand the principles of religion & the capitall lawes of this country."
A few years later, in 1647, the Massachusetts Bay Colony passed some other law requiring that all towns establish and maintain public schools. Towns with 50 or more than families were obligated to hire a schoolmaster to teach their children how to read and write and in towns with 100 or more than families the schoolmaster had to be able to teach Latin.
Equally a effect of this emphasis on educational activity, the New England colonies became highly more educated and literate than other colonies.
According to Kenneth Lockridge in his book Literacy in Colonial New England, about lx pct of white New England men were literate between 1650 and 1670. Betwixt 1758 and 1762, that number rose to 85 percentage, and betwixt 1787 and 1795, it rose to 90 percent. In cities such equally Boston, the literacy rate had come up close to 100 percent by the cease of the eighteenth century.
Yet, female literacy rates still lagged behind men in New England. Lockridge estimates that while male literacy rates rose from 60 percentage to xc pct in the tardily 18th century, female literacy rates rose at nigh half that rate, from 31 percentage to 48 percent.
Somewhen, the female literacy charge per unit caught up to the male person literacy rate and by 1810, nearly all women in New England were literate.
Sources:
Taylor, Alan. American Colonies. Penguin Books, 2001.
Encyclopedia Americana. Vol 24, The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, 1919.
MAGRA, CHRISTOPHER P. "The New England Cod Fishing Industry and Maritime Dimensions of the American Revolution." Enterprise & Society, vol. viii, no. 4, 2007, pp. 799–806. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23700768.
"The Charter of 1662." Connecticut History, connecticuthistory.org/the-lease-of-1662/
Winson, Gail I., "Researching the Laws of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations"(2003). Roger Williams University School of Constabulary Faculty Papers. Newspaper 1. http://lsr.nellco.org/rwu_fp/ane
"Every Man Able to Read." Colonial Williamsburg Official History & Citizenship Site, www.history.org/foundation/journal/winter11/literacy.cfm
"Laws During the Dominion of New England." State Library of Massachusetts, mastatelibrary.blogspot.com/2018/04/laws-during-dominion-of-new-england.html
"A Brief History of New Hampshire." NH.gov, www.nh.gov/almanac/history.htm
Source: https://historyofmassachusetts.org/new-england-colonies/
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